Promoting a Healthy Environment for Children

Promoting a Healthy Environment for Children Contents (Jump to) Introduction Task 1: The Principles Underpinning the Rights of Children to a Healthy Lifestyle and Environment 1.1 Legislation that Supports Children Rights to a Healthy Lifestyles 1.2 The Concept of Global Rights in Relation to Children’s Health and Well-being Task 2: The Factors that Affect the Health of Children 2.1 Influence of the Wider Environment on the Lifestyle of the Children 2.2 The Range of Factors That May Affect the Health of Children at Different Times in Their Lives 2.3 Assessment of the effects of these factors in ways that show an understanding of the implications of each factor Task 3: How to Plan and Implement Routines and Activities for Children 3.1 How to Plan and Implement routines for Children which Will Support Their Rights to a Healthy Lifestyle 3.2 How to Plan and implement activities for children that can contribute to promoting and maintaining a healthy lifestyle Conclusion Reference Introduction Creating and promoting a healthy environment for the children is undoubtedly a very important concern as only if they grow as a healthy adult, they are capable of contribute to the society at the fullest. Being healthy means being physically, mentally, spiritually and emotionally fit. The diet of the children have to contain necessary nutrition and calorie, the children can be made aware of the importance of a healthy by reading books, poems or watching cartoons, films they can relate with. The schools can have posters and games to encourage them in maintaining the hygiene. Playing games and doing physical exercise is also very important, it improves their physical health as well as their social skills. As the children are at the development stage, they, should not be pushed to anything, they must be allowed to rest and start when they are ready again. The parents can go to walk and play with the children, it improves the bonding and the helps the children emotionally and spiritually to grow as a healthy and confident human being. Child healthcare also involves the pre and post birth mother care. Task 1: The Principles Underpinning the Rights of Children to a Healthy Lifestyle and Environment 1.1 Legislation that Supports Children Rights to a Healthy Lifestyles There is good amount of legislation on this regard. Legislation is very important as it gives a structure for the services that needs to take place. Some examples of legislation that are related to child healthcare are given below. National Health Service Act 1946 (Scotland 1947) Today the healthcare in Scotland is almost free. It wasn’t always free. Before the launch of the National Health Service (NHS) in 1948 most of the people had to pay for the medical care and people were reluctant to reach for proper care as it was expensive quite unaffordable for the low income families. After the World War II (1939-45) along with some other reforms the government decided to form National Health Service to provide medication according to the need, not the ability to pay for it. The organization that started with a noble cause was however hard to maintain and fund. Many changes have been made to the act; the most recent amendment was in 2006 which stated that the medication is still to be free for everyone with the exceptions of prescriptions, glasses and dentures since 1951 and many more charges has been introduced from time to time. National Health Service: Basic Structure The detailed and elaborated structure of the organization may change, but the basic structure remains approximately the same. Primary Care The primary care services comprises with medical professionals who perform day to day checkup and advice about proper diet and healthcare. The receivers of the service here are mostly the children and their families. The work of the primary care consist of- Walk-in centers Health visitors Community health centers Family doctors Dentists Opticians Pharmacists Nurses Midwives etc. Secondary Care Secondary care is mainly specialized care. It often comes as referrals from primary care. It involves emergency and more specialized treatments. For example a family doctor may refer the child to an eye specialist sensing a problem in the eyesight. Health and Safety at Work 1974 (England) The act was formed to ensure the safety of the factory workers of England and Wales. It also benefits the child health as it provides proper guidelines about safe handling of harmful objects. For example it states fire safety rules and guidelines about the use of harmful chemicals. Care Standard Act 2000 This act introduced to provide a structure of regulations for all the organizations that work for child healthcare. This act is valid in all over England with variations but the main focus of this act is to ensure that the children receive quality care and physical safety. It is a standard or framework for inspecting healthcare legislation. Education Act 2002 Under this act the local authorities, organizations, schools and educational organizations were to ‘Safeguard and Promote the Welfare of Children’. There were programs for promoting children safety practices and health care. Every Child Matters and the Children Act 2004 (England) Every child matters program is a program to promote children welfare and protect the health of the children and the child act is an act established to strengthen the program. This act gives the authority and legislation to run the program properly. This program is very helpful in this aspect as it promotes child safety and health care issues for children of all economic backgrounds and it combines the children safety and the educational professionals. 1.2 The Concept of Global Rights in Relation to Children’s Health and Well-being The United Nations Convention on the right of the Child Health is now considered to be one of the primary rights of the children all over the world. The United Nations Convention on the right of the Child (UNCRC) publishes a list of facilities and benefits that a child should rightfully be entitled to. Many of these rights are directly concerned with child health and safety issues and many of them are circumstantially related with the proper upbringing of a child as a healthy human being. When a government signs the convention it undertakes some responsibilities to ensure the children of the country with proper medication, safety and healthy environment to live in. World Health Organization (WHO) World Health Organization is an agency of the United Nations that is engaged in healthcare worldwide. It was established in 1948. It aims promote health globally and it also produce reports about world health issues. It actively involves with health concerned programs worldwide. Food Standards Agency (FSA) This agency is a government agency that works independently. They are responsible for the public health and consumer rights protection concerning food items. It does these works in many ways but mainly they provide and spread guideline and information about the health and food safety issues. They- Provide advices about healthy eating Manage a website with detailed food safety knowledge Launch public awareness campaigns etc. For example nowadays they are encouraging the people to be aware about the amount and quality of salt in their foods. Task 2: The Factors that Affect the Health of Children 2.1 Influence of the Wider Environment on the Lifestyle of the Children The environment has a great effect on the children’s well-being. For example a place full of noise can harm the children’s hearing ability or a dusty environment can enhance the risk of asthma or skin diseases. Environment most of the time indirectly or directly influence good health of a child. Sociological Factors The social or economic condition a child is born into holds a great importance to the children heath issues, as the children of the low earning families tend to be deprived of nutritious and healthy food as well as a clean hygienic environment. Poverty Poverty is the main sociological factor that causes poor health condition and deprivation of education of the children. A country measures poverty in two ways- Absolute poverty: Absolute poverty is the inability of the inhabitants of a country to pay for its basic needs like food, shelter, clothes, medication and education. These types of poverty are mostly seen in some underdeveloped and developing countries. Relative poverty: Relative standard of a country is measured by comparing with the standard of living of that country. People living under the standard are considered to be poor. Relative poverty is used as the base of statistical reports for most of the organizations. How Poverty Affect Families Poverty can affect the families in many ways but mainly it takes away the choices from people. When there is poverty people don’t get to decide where to live, what to eat what to feed the children because their choices are limited to what they are able to afford instead of what they would like to have for themselves. Families living under poverty are unable to take good care of their children even if they are willing enough. Effects of Living in Poverty Health Poor diet is the main reason behind health problems Lack of housing facilities may become diseases like infections, diarrhea or bronchitis. Despair and depression of the children increases the propensity of addiction to drugs Cheap and low quality products or equipment lack safety concern and can lead to accidents. Education Unavailability of study equipment or space for the children Children may lack self-confidence and feel awkward with other children Parents may not understand the reason behind their child and may not have the emotional strength to support their children. Teachers may think low of children from poor background It may be unaffordable by the parents to let their child learn extracurricular activities like singing or swimming lessons. Depression and Despair Worrying all the time for money may cause tension, depression and despair in the families Parents often feel helpless and depressed when they see their child in deprivation and cannot do anything about it Depression burns down hope when they cannot figure out any way to overcome the poverty Self-esteem, confidence and morale go down as money is the main thing that define a person’s social standard Parents often feel embarrassed to ask for help like permission to pay less for school trips. Children and Poverty A child mainly becomes the main victim of poverty. They are more prone to accident, they lack life expectancy, and their achievements are often lower. Children living under poverty miss many opportunities compared to others. Their potential talents, genius are most of the time nipped in the bud. Their parents are unable to pay for the piano lessons, sports training or even the uniform of the school so they may be able to feel equal to others. It is proved that children who deal with poverty all the time have really expectation of where they want to go or what they want to achieve in life. They often lack a good role model because they see older kids committing crimes and taking drugs and take that as a culture. Psychological Factors Children’s psychological or mental health was not considered as an important aspect of child heath in the past. However, now it is taken as a critical part of the development of a child. Children who live under poverty are susceptible to psychological problems than others. There are many factors that may have effect on the mental health of a child. Some of these factors can be short term and some can affect the children for a longer time. Signs that Show the Children Might be under Stress These signs are different for children according to the difference of individual child and their age. How the adult support them can make a great deal of difference in the upbringing of the children. There are the causes of stress among the children- Poverty Uncooperative parents Separated parents Bullying Abuse Excess pressure from parents and teachers Family problems School change Death of a close family member or a friend 2.2 The Range of Factors That May Affect the Health of Children at Different Times in Their Lives Diet and Exercise Right amount of exercise and proper diet plays a vital role in a child’s development. Breast Milk: At the earliest of a child’s life proper diet is very important. Breast milk is helpful in cognitive development and preventing cardiovascular diseases. Breast milk provides the children with antibodies that lessen risk of catching diseases at the beginning months. Awareness about the importance of breast milk should be raised by campaigning and promoting programs. As it is seen that mothers with economical disadvantages and low income are less aware of this fact, the campaigns should be mainly targeted to them. Fruits and vegetables: A child’s diet must contain a certain amount of fruits and vegetables, it is very important for the growth of the child as well as the well-being of all the body parts. Exercise: To remain healthy and to develop, exercise is a must. Exercise is mainly about playing so it should be done as a fun work rather than a disciplined organized hard work. Children from all age groups need physical exercise. The British Heart Foundation declared that young people and children need one hour of physical activity a day at the lowest. This may include dancing, walking, swimming cycling etc. Children might want to rest for a few minutes and start playing again after rest. When children start playing outdoors they learn to naturally pace themselves which is why it is really important for the children to have outdoor play opportunity. Physical exercise is now declined everywhere due to some reasons. These reasons are given below. Fear of child abuse Fear of Traffic Lack of facilities Health and Safety Domination of Computer, Media and Television Illness and Disability Illness and disability both can affect the development and health of a child, although the degree of the effect depends on the duration and nature of the disease. It is very important that the adults try to make supportive environment in spite of their illness. Some effects of illness and disability are- Child’s inability to take hard exercise. It may be consulted with the physician about what type of exercise that child can undertake. Growth and development might also be hampered by some kind of disability or illness Diet and feeding can also be restricted by some types of illness like premature diabetics. 2.3 Assessment of the effects of these factors in ways that show an understanding of the implications of each factor Diet To fulfill their energy need, the children must eat a balanced diet complete with the necessary nutrition. There are many short term and long term effects of poor diet. These include- Cardiovascular diseases Cancer Diabetics Tooth decay Poor self-image and low self esteem Weight problems Musculoskeletal diseases etc. Exercise There are some benefits of exercises given here- Simulation to the activity of brain Strengthening the muscles Hormone release Lung capacity development Improvement of digestion Development and maintenance of bone density Illness and disabilities Disabilities and illness can bring a huge effect on the health and development of a child. Short or long whatever the duration of the illness might be, it restricts the development of the children accordingly. Task 3: How to Plan and Implement Routines and Activities for Children 3.1 How to Plan and Implement routines for Children which Will Support Their Rights to a Healthy Lifestyle Planning and implementing a routine for the children can help a great deal in the development of the children. The children need proper plan and implementation of a routine containing the activities that are critical elements to leading a healthy lifestyle. These routine should include- Healthy diet Physical activities Entertainment Proper sleep Study time There are some things that should be kept in mind while preparing the routine. Children can go to the toilet or washroom whenever they want but an adult must keep notice whether the child need any kind of help or support. Children should be able to choose what he or she wants to play and the equipment must be check previously to ensure safety. Children should have the opportunity to take rest if they are tired. There should be little snack break every few hours where they can take healthy fruits or juice. There should be some time for studying every day, so they can complete their daily homework and they grow the habit of studying a little every day. The need for sleep is different for children of every age. They should have enough sleep for having a sound mind. 3.2 How to Plan and implement activities for children that can contribute to promoting and maintaining a healthy lifestyle There are some critical things that the children need for maintaining a happy and healthy life. They should be taught about this so that they learn to take care of themselves. Healthy Diet It is important for the routine to have the child eating a variety of food to keep them healthy and provide them with all necessary nutrition. From the very beginning the food of the children must contain a good number of fruit and vegetables. Junk foods and foods containing sugar should be avoided as much as possible. Children should be taught to serve for themselves so they can learn how much they can and should eat. They can learn these by- Learning at home from parents or nannies They can learn preparing and serving food and drink as an extracurricular activity in nurseries, preschools and day care They can learn about these from school, after-school and holiday clubs. Exercise As we know children need exercise to develop properly at all ages. Children should have ample scope and opportunities for playing and walking or just moving around. Babies, toddlers, school going kids everyone should have routine time and opportunity to exercise for at least an hour every day. They can practice exercise in many ways. At homes, parks or streets with adult supervision and help. At nurseries, day care centers or preschools with other kids. There are many after school or holiday club or many sports activities they can take part into. Conclusion The children are the future on the making. A healthy child is a step towards a healthy future. To protect the future of the world the children must be raised as a healthy human being and to protect their right to a healthy life the proper implication of the legislation is unavoidable. The wider environment must also be made safe for a child as it has a great impact on their growth and wellbeing. The routine of a child must contain all the elements that a child need. Healthy child means healthy future; we must protect and promote children health with honest care. Reference 1 | Page

Film Analysis about Women in the Movie Pretty Woman Essay example -- e

The Hollywood movie Pretty Woman (1990) is about a prostitute in Hollywood, marrying an extremely rich businessman, in spite of her mutual distrust and prejudice. The movie contains the basic narrative of the Cinderella tale: through the love and help of a man of a higher social position, a girl of a lower social status moves up to join the man at his level. Vivian Ward (Julia Roberts) in Pretty Woman comes from a small town in Georgia, and works as a prostitute on the streets of Hollywood to support herself. Although Vivian's social position is very low, she has a strong sense of personal dignity and independence. Even though sometimes she have to stand by the street with empty stomach to wait for clients, Vivian and her friend Kit still keep themselves from the control of pimps, and "act as their own agents". Later, at the end of Vivian's one-week business arrangement with wealthy Edward Lewis (the Prince to her dream), which culminates in love and growing mutual respect, he offers her an apartment, a car and a credit card to get her off the streets, but she refuses. For Vivian, however, this arrangement is only different in terms of "geography" and terms of payment for the "business†; between them. Vivian knows that in society her own effort is the key to supporting herself and eventually securing a better future. She wants to set up a life in the city and tries very hard to look for a job. Due to lack of a skill, although she is willing to do heavy or dirty work, she is not able to find a job with enough pay to support herself. Her goal in life is simply to support herself by her own effort instead of letting somebody else arrange and control her life. This, in it self, represents a spirit of active effort for someone like Vivian. In addition to her efforts in trying to support herself and realize her own goals, Vivian also endeavors to help others. With a part of the $3000 windfall she earns from her week with Edward Lewis, she presses her friend Kit to pursue her long-dormant desire to become a beautician. And her most significant achievement is helping Edward Lewis, the corporate raider, rediscover his humanity, so he can build things instead of dismantling the work of othe rs for profit, and find a more meaningful life other than locking himself in work. The two aspects discussed above display the changes of emphasis on self-... ...ulminates in an attempt to rape her. In the attempted rape scene, it is very clear that Phil wants to rape Vivian not to quench an uncontrollable sexual impulse, but to give vent to all his anger for what he has lost -- the money from an unfriendly buyout that Edward has overturned with his newfound humanity, and the control of Edward. Phil wants to humiliate Vivian as he feels he has been humiliated, and, if possible, destroy her. The rape is not about sex but about abasement and power. Pretty Woman, 1990s Hollywood movie, embodies many new as well as old values and ideologies. I was surprised when I saw that, the old themes and sexual stereotypes are not completely abandoned, but the old portrayals of gender stereotypes are transmuted. Finally, the movie says that women, first of all, should rely on themselves and not submit to any kind of domination. They should simply support themselves by their own efforts instead of letting someone else arrange and control their lives. The movie also demonstrates how a girl possessing the virtues of honesty, patience, prudence, industry, and obedience can be rewarded with a husband and the attendant better life and higher social position.

Essay --

In â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,† Huck and Jim both endure many hardships, and they struggle daily in search of their freedom. Huck is a young free spirited boy that loves adventure and lacks the necessity of civilization; his partner in crime is Jim, a runaway slave. As Huck and Jim float down the Mississippi River they are faced with an overwhelming amount of difficult situations and circumstances. Some of the struggles that Huck and Jim experience are slavery, society, civilization, nature, and villainess behavior. Huck also has many moments where he is at unease with his conscience, and often wonders if the decisions that he is making are made with the right intentions. While Huck and Jim are on the search for their freedom, the two grow stronger as individuals and as friends. Although, Huck and Jim face conflict in the novel, the novel itself has many conflicts with society too. Many may say it is racist, while others argue that because of Huck’s chara cter the novel is â€Å"coarse.† Throughout my paper, I will discuss and analyze Huck and Jim’s struggles, and the struggles in which the novel may face on its own. Throughout, the novel you begin to realize that every time Huck or Jim go ashore, they end up in trouble. Despite their troubled times ashore, they also encounter difficulties on the river as well. For example, the flooded river makes navigating the river challenging, The Walter Scott almost cost Huck and Jim their lives, the fog causes them to miss to Ohio River, and the two villainous cons forced Huck to be involved in their malicious schemes. Huck and Jim begin realizing they are not completely free from the evil influences of the towns along the river’s banks. Regardless of the rivers challenges, it still of... ...reedom. They battled against Mother Nature, evil villains, and society, but in the end they conquered them all. Regardless of society’s ways like, religion and slavery Huck and Jim made their own perceptions on life. Huck and Jim fought to ensure their freedom, and it made them stronger as individuals and closer as friends. Also, I would like to point out that conflict between right and wrong exists within all of humanity; it is something that we cannot escape no matter how hard we try. What matters is that we remain true to who we are and our values. Many of the decision that Huck made were made from his heart; he didn’t let society change the person that he wanted to become. Huck is a strong character and so is this novel. I enjoyed it from the beginning and would say that anyone who criticizes this novel is overlooking what this novel is truly about, â€Å"by and by.†

Slavery has been in the United States early as 1619

Slavery has been in the United States early as 1619. Slaves were brought to America for one thing and one thing only, money. Tobacco took a great amount of work to harvest, but with the slaves help it all got completed. Slaves cost at least three more times than a regular servant for the reason that slavery was their life, it was their job. Regular servants finished their ‘slavery’ time in about 4 years. Slavery really got across the whole country as time passed, and in 1670 the crop, tobacco, took over the nation. In fact, slavery didn’t really come into play in the laws until the 1660s. In the early 1680s Virginia wanted to alter what a slave was, earlier defined by the House of Burgess. The Europeans saw African Americans as human beings, but their actions towards them did not say the same. Slaves that used to be put to work while on the ships did not appreciate it at all. Almost 15% of the slaves on the ship die on their way to a destination due to no food or by just being sick. The ship was so small sometimes that the slaves had to be on top of each other. The owners of the ships tried to get as many slaves on the ships as possible so when they got to their destination they would sell the excess slaves. Since Africa had so many in it, that was the usual target to get slaves and bring them back to the land. By the early 1700s African Americans took over one fifth of the population in America. With the large number of slaves being introduced into the colonies they had a great impact on the economy and in reshaping the population as a whole. The Africans brought their expertise of travel, planting and hunting to the new world. The African dugout canoe became the chief means of transportation in the colonies. This expertise from the Africans contributed greatly to the prosperity of South Carolina. Many slaves had their own gardens that they could tend to when they were not working. On Sundays slave holders usually gave the slaves the day off as the day of the Sabbath. It was on this day most slaves would tend to their garden, hunt, or fish. The slaves who were experienced could often complete their tasks in the early afternoon. With the growing rate of slavery, many slaves contemplated the idea of running away to try and gain their freedom. In 1693 Florida, which at that point was still part of Spain, granted the runaways that freedom stating if the runaways would convert to Catholicism they would be granted freedom. Since South Carolina was so close to Florida many slaves ran away and took advantage of this offer. In 1708 enslaved Indians composed as much as fourteen percent of South Carolina’s population. Why not more? Why did the colonists need to bring Africans over to the Americas when so many Indians already here? Indians posed a difficulty. Indians by and large remained free because they resisted and were difficult to control. Indians who were slaves were able to escape and not be caught, for unlike the Africans and the landowners, Indians could escape into the countryside, which they new intimately. Slavery was brutal; whipping occurred frequently and usually occurred in a public setting as an example to others. The work was backbreaking and conditions were not less than ideal. In 1712 the blacks had a rebellion in New York City, which lasted only one evening. But in 1739 in South Carolina the Stono Rebellion lasted several days. In both incidents many blacks lost their lives. The hopes of setting captured blacks free didn’t happen. In 1731 a law was put on the books prohibiting Africans from owning or possessing a gun and also fined owners for letting slaves wander at night alone. Running away, work resistance and revolution became the most common form of African resistance to slavery and helped to build a bond in the community as a whole. Slavery in the early colonies turned from Africans being able to earn their freedom to being treated brutally. Without the expertise from the Africans, the early American colonies would not have flourished as they did. Escaping slavery – the central form of labor both in the North and the South for several centuries – became the main aim for the African Americans of the time. Later, with the times of the Revolution the concept of the full citizenship was born in the minds of those who fought for freedom. The first goal – the abolition of slavery – was officially ratified in 1863, while the second – the granting of the citizenship – was documented only five years later. In reality, the fight for the real freedom and equality had just begun. The end of Reconstruction in 1877 signified the return to the inequality and racial prejudice, making basis for the later emergence of the Civil Rights Movement that signified further notion of freedom for the African Americans. The fight for slavery abolition resulted in the emancipation of the huge portion of the American inhabitants and the change of attitude to humans that are all â€Å"born free and equal†, according to the basic principles of the U. S. Constitution. The abolition of slavery was a dream for the African Americans that were brought to the America as slaves or born into it for many generations. Slavery in the United States was forced by enormous economic challenges, backed by country official legislation and the connivance of the church. The United States were destined to realize the meaning and the price of freedom largely due to the African Americans’ active fight for their basic human and civil rights. Thousands of people were depleted of their basic freedoms and dignity due to the difference in color and status. The change of this status that officially began in the late nineteenth century, lead not only to the transformation of the perception of the equality and freedom of the African Americans – it has forced a change in attitude to women’s rights, leading to women suffrage and further emancipation, making strong basis for the further acknowledgement of gender, racial, disability and sexual orientation equalities. Ever since the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees that â€Å"the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude†1, the African Americans fight for the rights gave a chance to the real, unconditional freedom in the land of the free. This goal lead to further development of the civil rights movement, resulting in the acknowledgement of the document that would enable more equality despite gender, race, color, disability or religious belief. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 that extended voting rights and outlawed racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and in public accommodations, was another victory of the African American ancestors that fought for freedom back in the nineteenth century. It would be wrong to claim the fight for the equality is over, because even almost half a century later, practical issues of discrimination remain, although these cases are incomparably fewer than back into the times of the formation of the United States. The civil rights movement achieved impressive results in the fight for equality and it is important to study the African American History as it apparently constituted an impressive part of the history of the United States, starting from the early colonial days to the current events. The African American History has also formed the basic principles of the human coexistence within the country, creating the key laws on human rights and freedoms of the United States of America, which will surely determine the future of the nation.

Psychotherapy identify Essay

In this paper I will let you see, how in my view the classic psychoanalysis is intimately linked to the premises of the existential phenomenological approaches of the psychotherapy conjuncture. I shall start by one of the pillars supported by Ricoeur: heideggerian ontology. The existential phenomenological approaches in psychotherapy identify themselves with the notion of that Dasein which even before it comprehends it is already there, launched into the world. This openness embodied by the Dasein where it falls from its inner self presupposes a frustrating aloofness that is it is not the intra-mundane entities that frustrate the being there; it is the world as â€Å"mundaneness† that frustrates the Dasein, it is the very being in the world that is frustrating, for it is alone, all by itself, it ek-siste strangely in a world where it does not belong, but an uprooting instead. The triad situation – comprehension – interpretation follows a logic that extends to the therapeutic space, but as contended by Ricoeur, man has not one situation only; he has and lives in a world. Always launched into, he will have to turn awareness into a task. The long path followed by Ricoeur seems to us to be clearly linked to the room for two where knowledge itself becomes a task, of, shall we say, an interception of texts that cross themselves. But let us move on, on a step by step basis. The opposition between dialogue and text. By explaining his textual paradigm, Ricoeur makes it easier for us to understand the importance of language itself, or preferably, the importance of the linguistics of the discourse on which the therapeutic relationship is based. Let us see, then. The main issue of discourse has to do with a distance that translates itself in the event – meaning dialectic. The four features distinguishing this linguistics from discourse are indeed a good description of the therapeutic space: it occurs over time; someone speaks and by speaking he is describing, expressing a world; by expressing himself he does it in front of someone else. These four issues are inherent in the intra-subjective relation. Besides, I should stress that is not the transitory nature of human language that weights more but as upheld by the theory of acts and speech, it is what remains said that enables to create a meaning for the events of the speech. The different levels (locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary) translate the recording of speech as acts that have a real impact on people’s actions, influencing them emotionally and at the cognitive and inter-relational levels. The difference between language and discourse lays basically on the possibility for the latter to become an important event because of the fact that distancing from what has been said confers a meaning to it. The theory of the acts of speech seems to stress the concerns of Brunner’s cultural psychology which does not discard the relationship between what people say and what they do. This dialectic may open up a privileged way for the meaning of human experience, for the action situated in the world. This relationship between say and do has direct implications upon the therapeutic space. What is spoken within the intersubjectivity of dialogue bears undoubtedly a relational mark of the order of what has been said of the theory of acts of speech marking and pinpointing a path that is inherent and restricted to the relationship between both subjects, but which is also related to the world expressed in the narration and its characters. Language perceived as a discourse has an exponential effect upon the relationship; the propositions go beyond themselves and beyond the strictly prepositional act; they mark and define the room for the happening lying between two subjects. Thoughts, cognitions, emotions, dreams and illusions stake out a path as if they were riveted to specific points of time relational space, as if they were a text fixed by writing.

Malcolm X a Homemade Education

Elizabeth Terry Biology 101-06 MWF at 3:00 November 14, 2011 Research paper DOWN SYNDROME Down syndrome is the most common cause of mental retardationDown syndrome is the most common cause of mental retardation. It is caused by the presence of an extra chromosome. Chromosomes contain sequences of DNA called genes that represent the genetic information that exists within a cell. Twenty-three distinctive pairs of chromosomes which is 46 in total. They are located within the nucleus (a region of the cell that is bounded by a specialized membrane, and which houses the genetic material).When a sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell, the newly created zygote normally receives 23 chromosomes from each parent. The contribution of genetic information from each parent is what makes each baby a distinctive blend of both characteristics. In Down syndrome a mistake during division of the sperm or egg cell produces a cell with an extra chromosome 21. This event occurs during cell division and is referr ed to as nondisjunction, or the failure of all chromosomes to separately properly resulting in retention of one of the chromosomes in one of the two new daughter cells.This is also called trisomy 21 and is accounted for 95% of all Down syndrome patients. A rare number of Down syndrome cases the original egg and sperm cells begins with the correct number of chromosomes but shortly after fertilization during the phase where cells are dividing rapidly a single cell can divide abnormally creating a line of cells with an extra chromosome 21. It’s called a cell line mosaicism. The individual with this type of down syndrome has two types of cells: some 46 chromosomes which is the normal number and some with 47.Individuals who are mosaic for trisomy 21 typically have less sever sign and symptoms of the disorder. Another are location that can cause down syndrome is called a chromosome translocation. This is an even that unlike the numerical abnormally causing trisomy 21, there is a st ructural abnormality. Exchange of material from two different chromosomes during the production of sex cells can take place such that there is a whole chromosome 21 attached to another chromosome but the chromosome number is normal. [1]These types of translocation involving chromosome 21, occur in about 3-4% of cases of Down syndrome.Ancient cultures, such as those in Greece, Rome, and Egypt, put disabled infants to death. Compassion toward the disabled was awakened by the early Christian church, but its charitable influence waned during the middle ages. Down syndrome also affected this people due to no one really caring about what was going on with the ill children. Down syndrome has a lot of causes and this is normally what some parents want to know is why their child is born with this syndrome. Most times this is why they tell you while you are carrying your child you need to watch very closely and look for all signs of genetic disorders with pregnant.Down syndrome is a chromosom al disorder as I said before. A baby is usually identified at birth through observation of a set of common physical characteristics. Babies with Down syndrome tend to be overly quiet. When I say that I mean less responsive with weak floppy muscles. With that being said a number of physical signs might be present. This includes a flat bridge of the nose which is smaller than normal. It’s a low set nose. They will tend to have a small mouth with a protruding tongue, upward slanting eyes and also extra folds of skin located at the corner of each eye, near the nose.They will have small outwardly rotated ears and small hands as well. Usually they have an unusual deep crease across the center of the palm and a malformed fifth finger. They will have a wide space between the big and the second toes and unusual creases on the soles of the feet. They also experience shorter than normal height later on in their childhood. Before genetic testing became available, Down syndrome was diagno sed based on certain typical physical characteristics. Not all people with Down syndrome have all these characteristics though.This can vary from certain people and are caused by the extra chromosomes. Individuals with Down syndrome also have joints that are looser than normal. Their skulls are short and broad. Newborns usually have extra skin on the back of their neck, and as the child gets older the neck often appears short and wider than usual. [2]Facial shape is round in the newborn and also during infancy. When the child gets older their face shape becomes oval like. This is due to the underdevelopment they go through. Their cheeks are round and the teeth develop late and in an unusual order.Although Down syndrome is not curable and there will be no cure for it, parents, researchers, and also the Down syndrome individuals try to make the best out of life and try dealing with it. Advances in medical treatment over the past 40 to 50 years for conditions such as heart defects and respiratory disease have led to dramatic increases in the life expectancy of those with Down syndrome. [3] Half of the children born with Down syndrome during the late 1960s survived to age 5. Bronchopneumonia, a respiratory illness and heart defects were the most common causes of death.Now about 80% of those born with it survive to age 10, and about 50% of them survive to age 50 or beyond. The recent statistics from various study places show that the place of incidence of Down syndrome anywhere from 1 in 600 to 1 in 1,000 live births. An analysis published by various people. Bray and colleagues in 1998 of combined data from nine different studies found that the incidence varies from 1 in 1,445 live birth mothers at age 10 to 1 in 25 live births to mothers at age 45. Down syndrome really is a hard disorder to live with but at the same time it has its advantages.Down syndrome has no treatment options but they have a lot of programs to help cope with this syndrome. The development of a child is a joyous thing. It involves amazing ohhs and ahhhs that would shock you every day your child does something new. All kids from the time their able to sit up by them and walks are learning new things everyday. Even as adults we learn new things everyday but still with Down syndrome, everything that they accomplish is outstanding. All kids learn to develop their fine motor skills but there are different aspects when it comes to Down syndrome children.The development of motor skills is very hard. The first thing you have to do is have a laid out foundation of how you plan on teaching that child. This is very dependent on stability. [4]Stability is being able to push open a heavy door. It’s being able to put on your shoes without falling. It is carrying a tray full of drinks. Its really a list that goes on but with this syndrome most things aren’t accomplished because down syndrome babies lack stability. Most of the people diagnosed wit this syndrome also tends to walk a little strange. They walk from side to side and always have their head twisted.Now as kids get older and reach their age past ten, then your not exactly ok, but you can breathe a little. Most researchers are still concerned about the older ones but its really the babies that most are worried about. They tend to go through a lot as newborns and unto there early infants stages. [5] Babies with Down syndrome suffer a lot. They have a lot they feel and go through, but being an infant and not being able to talk doesn’t help at all. Being born with Down syndrome you experience how it is from that point on and for the rest of your life.Children with this syndrome almost always have some degree of intellectual disability. That is why they learn slower and have difficulty with complex reasoning and judgment. The degree of intellectual impairment various tremendously. These kids do learn and what they do learn they will not forget. Down syndrome can not be prevented but it is People with Down syndrome, whatever their age, are people first. They are people with abilities, strengths and weaknesses like everyone else. They may have additional needs but first they have the same needs as everyone else of their age group.The quality of health care, education and community support provided to children and adults with Down syndrome makes a real difference to their progress throughout life. This module provides an introduction to all the issues that need to be addressed to enable individuals with Down syndrome, and their families, to enjoy full and happy lives within their communities. It offers an overview of the development of individuals with Down syndrome from infancy to adult life. It also provides a summary of the causes of Down syndrome, the incidence and prevalence of the condition, life expectancy and associated education and health care needs.Children with down syndrome experience problems with their digestive tract at a rate that is much higher than t hat of other children. [6] some of these problems such as blockage of the digestice tract can be life threatening and can require emergency surgery. Blockage or atresia of the esophagus or the duodenum can cause starvation if not corrected. Atresia occurs when the anal opening does not develop. This condition prevents solid waste from being eliminated from the intestinal tract and must be corrected surgically. Anal stenosis will allow waste products to pass, but will cause constipation.Gastroesophageal feflux is also more common in individuals with down syndrome. During this stage food reenters the esophagus from the stomach. This can cause vomiting and irritation of the esophagus. You can also have vision problem s with down syndrome to. Theses problems are common with those suffering with down syndrome. Strabismus in which one or both euyes either truns in or out. Occurs in 43% of theses chuldren. It is caused by abnormal or incomplete development of the cneters in the brain that control the coordination of eye movements. This condition may require an eye patch, special glasses or even surgery.Vision therapy may also be benificial and should be considered before surgery. Hearing problems also come with syndrome. [7] anatomical differences that result from trisomy 21 contribute to the larger percentage of hearing difficulties founf in individuals with down syndrome. Appromately 53% in children with down syndrome have hearing problems. This makes it more difficult to examine the ars for wax buildup and infection. The middle ear is smaller than normal, as well. This contributes to the presence of chronic ear infections in 40% to 60% of children with downs syndrome.The shallow nasal bridge founfd in 61% of individuals with down syndrome also contributed. Collapse or blockage of the eustachian tube, which leads from the ear to the throat, causes fluid to build up in the middle ear and increases the risk of middle ear infection. [8]In children with down syndrome t he eustachian tubes are often smaller tha normal and have lowered muscle tone. Problems with fluid build up in the middle ear occur in 60% of indiviuals with down syndrome this fluid buildup interferes with hearing and can cause permanent hearing loss if it remains for a long peopif of time.Estimates of hearing loss in people with down syndrome range from 60% to 80%. Hearing loss in children can contribute to language and speech difficulies as well as auditory attention. Monitoring for fluid buildup and infections of the middle ear should begin before the age of six months and should continue into adulthood. Hearin aids may be a choice as well. Another problem that occurs in down syndrome individuals is problems with thyroid gland. Weighing less than one ounce the thyroid is actually one of the largest endocrine glands. Thyroid hormones help regualte the synthesis of growth factore and many hormones.Thyroid hormones are crucial for proper brain development during pregnancy. They are also important in normal growth. Because they are composed of the amino acid tyrosine, to which iodine molecules have been atattched adequate iodine in the diet is esstenial for their production. Another hormone produced by the thyroid gland is calcitonin which regulates the levels and metabolism of calcium. The hormones tri-iodothyonine and tetraiodothyonine are produced by the thyroid gland in a ratio of 1;14. t4 is secreted by the thyroid gland in responses to TSH. The active form, T3 is formed in the kidney, liver, and pleen by removal of one iodine molecule from T4. individuals with down syndrome also are 10 to 30 times more likely to develop Leukemia. [9] This is a type of cancer caused by the production of abnormal qhite blood cells by the bone marrow. These abnormal cells eventually crowd out normal white and red blood cells. There are two main types of leukemia. Acute and chronic. Acute leukemias develop slowly and the patienst condition worsens slowly. Chronic leukemia de velops rapidly and the patients syptoms worsen quickly. About 10% of babies born with down syndrome develop a transient leukemia that usually goes away by 3 months of age.About 20% to 30% of those with this transient condtion go on to develop acute leukemia. Babies who do not have down syndrome rarely have the transient form of leukemia. This higher risk of leukemia is in contrast to the risk of other types of cancer in individuals with down syndrome. The incidence of most types of solid tumors is muh smaller than in the general population. Down syndromes rates has also increased. From 1979 to 2003, the prevalence (total number of cases of a disease in a population at a specific time) of Down syndrome (DS) at birth increased by 31 percent, from 9 to 12 per 10,000 live births in 10 US regions.Within the 10 regions, birth prevalence of DS ranged from a low of 9. 7 in Arkansas to a high of 13. 7 in Utah during 1997-2003. The number of infants born with DS was almost 5 times higher amon g births to older mothers (38. 6 per 10,000) than among births to younger mothers (7. 8 per 10,000). In 2002, DS was found to be present in about 1 of every 1,000 children and adolescents aged 0 to 19 living in 10 chosen regions of the United States, which means that approximately 83,000 children and adolescents with DS were living in the United States during that year. Prevalence of DS by age group was the highest in 0-3 year olds at 11. , declining to 10. 3 among 4-7 year olds, 9. 8 among 8-11 year olds, 8. 3 among 12-15 year olds, and 6. 0 among 16-19 year olds. A screening test will help identify the possibility of Down syndrome. Screening tests do not provide conclusive answers, but rather, they provide an indication of the likelihood of the baby having Down syndrome. An abnormal test result does not mean that your baby has Down syndrome. The goal with a screening test is to estimate the risk of t baby having Down syndrome. If the screening test is positive and a risk for Down syndrome exists, further testing may be recommended.Diagnostic tests can identify Down syndrome before the baby is born. January issue of Obstetrics & Gynecology, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists released guidelines recommending screening for Down syndrome to all pregnant women during their first trimester. Agnostic tests tend to be more expensive and have a degree of risk; screening tests are quick and easy to do. However, screening tests have a greater chance of being wrong; there are â€Å"false-positive† (test indicates the baby has the condition when the baby really does not) and â€Å"false-negatives† (baby has the condition but the test indicates they do not).As far as those individual kids with Down syndrome there is a lot that they can do, just as the regular ones. Kids with Down syndrome tend to have a sense of humor. Those with this disorder have slurred words and stutter but what you can understand they have pretty good conversation. Also in about 4 percent of all down syndrome cases the individual possesses not an entire third copy of chromosome 21 material, which has been incorporated via a translocation into a no homologous chromosome. In translocation pieces are swapped between two non-related chromosomes forming hybrid chromosomes.The most common translocation associated with Down syndrome is that between the long arm (down gene area) of chromosome 21 and an end of chromosome 14. [10] The individual in whom the translocation has occurred shows no evidence of the aberration since the normal complement of genetic material is still present only a different chromosomes location. The difficulty arises when this individual forms gametes. A mother who possesses the 21/14 translocation, for example has one normal 21 one normal 14 and the hybrid chromosomes.She is a genetic carrier for the disorder because she can pass it on to her offspring even though she is clinically normal. The mother can produce three types of viable gametes: one containing the normal 14 and 21. the presence of an extra copy of the long arm of chromosome 21 causes defects in many tissues and organs. One major effect of Down syndrome is mental retardation. The intelligence quotients of affected individuals are typically in the range of 40-50. The IQ varies with age but being higher in childhood than in adolescence or adult life.The disorder is often accompanied by physical traits. Trisomy 21 is one of the most common chromosomal aberrations occurring in about 0. 5 percent of all conceptions and in one out of every seven hundred to eight hundred live births. About 15 percent of the patients institutionalized for mental deficiency suffer from Down syndrome. Before the chromosomal basis for the disorder was determined the frequency of Down syndrome births was correlated with increased maternal age. For mothers at age twenty the incidence of down syndrome is about 0. 5 percent which increases to 0. 9 percent by the age thirty -five and 3 percent at age forty-five. Comparing the chromosomes of the affected offspring with those of both parents have shown that the nondisjunction event is maternal about 75 percent the time. The maternal age effect is thought to result from the different manner in which the male and female gametes are produced. Gamete production in the male event in females. Formation of the female’s gametes begins early in embryonic life, somewhere but between the eight and twentieth weeks.During this time, cells in the developing ovary divide rapidly by mitosis forming cells called primary oocytes. These cells then begin meiosis by pairing up the homologues. The process is interrupted now and the cells are held in a state of suspended animation until needed in reproduction, when they are triggered to complete their division. Most individuals with Down syndrome have intellectual disability in the mild (IQ 50–70) to moderate (IQ 35–50) range, with individuals having Mosai c Down syndrome typically 10–30 points higher. Dr.Weihs notes the mental qualities of people with Down syndrome to be â€Å"unisexual,† â€Å"playful,† â€Å"affectionate,† â€Å"mischievous† and â€Å"imitative†. [21]Language skills show a difference between understanding speech and expressing speech, and commonly individuals with Down syndrome have a speech delay. Fine motor skills are delayed and often lag behind gross motor skills and can interfere with cognitive development. Effects of the condition on the development of gross motor skills are quite variable. Some children will begin walking at around 2 years of age, while others will not walk until age 4.Physical therapy, and/or participation in a program of adapted physical education (APE), may promote enhanced development of gross motor skills in Down syndrome children. A 2002 literature review of elective abortion rates found that 91–93% of pregnancies in the United Kingdom a nd Europe with a diagnosis of Down syndrome were terminated. [54] Data from the National Down Syndrome Cytogenetic Register in the United Kingdom indicates that from 1989 to 2006 the proportion of women choosing to terminate a pregnancy following prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome has remained constant at around 92%.In the United States a number of studies have examined the abortion rate of fetuses with Down syndrome. Three studies estimated the termination rates at 95%, 98%, and 87% respectively. Medical ethicist Ronald Green argues that parents have an obligation to avoid ‘genetic harm' to their offspring, and Claire Rayner, then a patron of the Down's Syndrome Association, defended testing and abortion saying â€Å"The hard facts are that it is costly in terms of human effort, compassion, energy, and finite resources such as money, to care for individuals with handicaps†¦People who are not yet parents should ask themselves if they have the right to inflict such burde ns on others, however willing they are themselves to take their share of the burden in the beginning some physicians and ethicists are concerned about the ethical ramifications of the high abortion rate for this condition. [59] Conservative commentator George Will called it â€Å"eugenics by abortion†. 60] British peer Lord Rix stated that â€Å"alas, the birth of a child with Down's syndrome is still considered by many to be an utter tragedy† and that the â€Å"ghost of the biologist Sir Francis Galton, who founded the eugenics movement in 1885, still stalks the corridors of many a hospital†. Doctor David Mortimer has argued in Ethics & Medicine that â€Å"Down's syndrome infants have long been disparaged by some doctors and government bean counters. Some members of the disability rights movement â€Å"believe that public support for prenatal diagnosis and abortion based on disability contravenes the movement's basic philosophy and goals.Peter Singer argued t hat â€Å"neither hemophilia nor Down's syndrome is so crippling as to make life not worth living from the inner perspective of the person with the condition. To abort a fetus with one of these disabilities, intending to have another child who will not be disabled, is to treat fetuses as interchangeable or replaceable. If the mother has previously decided to have a certain number of children, say two, then what she is doing, in effect, is rejecting one potential child in favor of another.She could, in defence of her actions, say: the loss of life of the aborted fetus is outweighed by the gain of a better life for the normal child who will be conceived only if the disabled one dies. Individuals with Down syndrome have a higher risk for many conditions. The medical consequences of the extra genetic material in Down syndrome are highly variable and may affect the function of any organ system or bodily process. Some problems are present at birth, such as certain heart malformations. Ot hers become apparent over time, such as pilepsy. Other things Down syndrome patients go through are very emotional. For people with Down syndrome it is very hard to cope with the everyday activities. It is also hard on the family, especially the parents. It can be very frustrating for the parents to cope with having a child with Down. People born with Down syndrome require so much more extra attention than that of a normal child. Suggestions from some psychologists are for the parents to go to some kind of group sessions to talk to other parents who have children with Down.Therefore, someone else can understand the frustrations that they go through in raising their child. People with Down syndrome have a lot of different emotions running through their mind and body. People with Down syndrome, whatever their age, are people first. They are people with abilities, strengths and weaknesses like everyone else. They may have additional needs but first they have the same needs as everyone else of their age group. The quality of health care, education and community support provided to children and adults with Down syndrome makes a real difference to their progress throughout life.This module provides an introduction to all the issues that need to be addressed to enable individuals with Down syndrome, and their families, to enjoy full and happy lives within their communities. It offers an overview of the development of individuals with Down syndrome from infancy to adult life. It also provides a summary of the causes of Down syndrome, the incidence and prevalence of the condition, life expectancy and associated education and health care needs. Further modules in this series address each of these issues in detail.Down syndrome patients also have another way to look at things. The most of the time feel different and out of place. Most would like to know who Down syndrome affects. For instance what race and what are the ratios of living past a teenager Children and adults with Down syndrome have a wide range of abilities. A person with Down syndrome may be very healthy or may have unusual and demanding medical and social problems at virtually every stage of life. It’s important to remember that every person with Down syndrome is a unique individual. Each child will develop at his or her own pace.It may take children with Down syndrome longer than other children to reach develop Down syndrome cannot be cured. However, early treatment can help many people with Down syndrome to live productive lives well into adulthood. Children with Down syndrome can often benefit from speech therapy, occupational therapy, and exercises to help improve their motor skills. They might also be helped by special education and attention at school. Some of the medical problems common in people with Down syndrome, like cataracts, hearing problems, thyroid problems, and seizure disorders, can be also treated or corrected.It has been suggested that children with Down sy ndrome might benefit from medical treatment that includes amino acid supplements and a drug known as Piracetam. Piracetam is a drug that some people believe may improve the ability of the brain to learn and understand. However, there have been no controlled clinical studies with Piracetam to date in the U. S. or elsewhere that show its safety and efficacy. The life expectancy for people with Down syndrome has increased substantially. In 1929, the average life span of a person with Down syndrome was nine years. Today, it is common for a person with Down syndrome to live to age 50 and beyond.In addition to living longer, people with Down syndrome are now living fuller, richer lives than ever before as family members and contributors to their community. Many people with Down syndrome form meaningful relationships and eventually marry. Now that people with Down syndrome are living longer, the needs of adults with Down syndrome are receiving greater attention. With assistance from family and caretakers, many adults with Down syndrome have developed the skills required to hold jobs and to live semi-independently mental milestones, but many of these milestones will eventually be met.Therefore, parents should not compare the progress of a child with Down syndrome to the progress of other siblings or even to other children. [pic][pic] [pic] ———————– [1] Down syndrome K. Le Lerner Pg. 1377. Paragraph 1. [2] Genes and Disorders. By Fay Evans-martin. Pg. 14 paragraph 2. [3] Fay Evans-martin Pg. 17 Paragraph 3. [4] [5] [6] Genes & Disease By: Fay Evans Pg. 67 [7] Genes and Disorders Br Fay Evans Pg. 71 [8] Genes And Diseases By Fay Evans Pg. 71 [9] Pg. 75 Genes And Disorders By Fay Evans [10] Down syndrome medical guide. Pg. 749

Philosophy and Society Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Philosophy and Society - Assignment Example Men benefit from philosophy through defining the sense of the world. Different theories are on hand and more theories are yet to be discovered. Hence, these theories allow a person to see the world in varying perspectives, providing different perceptions and allowing one to establish his or her own standards which can help him make the best decision for his self. Contemplating and deciding on one’s future education and career is more rational through philosophy. Having a philosophy in life aids in having a clearer vision of what one wishes to believe in, what one wishes to pursue and where path one wishes to go. Philosophy is in great correlation with ethics as ethics gives one an idea on what you ought to do in a particular situation and why one ought to do it. Moreover, philosophy also aids in discovering one’s self. The main value of philosophy is thinking and questioning the realities of the world like why one does a thing and why one does not. According to Bertrand Russel, â€Å"The man who has no tincture of philosophy goes through life imprisoned in the prejudices derived from†¦habitual beliefs of his age or his nation† (Carroll, n.d.). Philosophy opens windows and doors that lead to continually liberate man’s mind from certain beliefs passed on by their forbearers by discovering one’s perception of the world. The importance of philosophy lives in every individual’s desire to seek knowledge, learn and unravel the mysteries of the world. This further leads into innovation, progress and development of the self and of the world where one lives. One’s thoughtfulness fuel the need to continuously see beyond what is visible, listen beyond what is audible and think beyond what is